Objective: To assess the mutational patterns and factors associated with baseline drug-
resistant HIV-1 present at initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) at 3 sites in …

In settings of resource constraint, an understanding of HIV drug resistance can guide
antiretroviral therapy (ART) at switch to second‐line therapy. To determine the prevalence of …

Background HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a threat to the HIV epidemic control in
Zambia especially in sub-populations such as the 15–24 years where there is poor …

We analysed whether mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs
circulate among treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals at a period when these drugs …

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency and progression over time of the WHO-defined
transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among antiretroviral treatment (ART) …

Background There are few data on the epidemiology of primary HIV-1 drug resistance after
the roll-out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to assess the …

Background: The South African national antiretroviral therapy roll-out program is entering its
sixth year, with over 570,000 adults accessing treatment. HIV-1 drug resistance is a potential …

Objective We describe phenotypic drug resistance, response to therapy, and genotypic
mutations among HIV-infected patients in Uganda taking antiretroviral medications for≥ 90 …

Background We assessed the prevalence of acquired HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) and
associated factors among patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Rwanda …

Background Studies of patients failing second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-
limited settings (RLS) are few. Evidence suggests most patients who appear to be …