The emergence of viral-resistant strains is a major problem for the medical management of
HIV-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to characterize viral subtypes and drug …

Abstract Background To achieve the 90-90-90 targets assigned by UNAIDS, it is crucial to
monitor ART in HIV-1-infected patients, especially in resource-limited countries. Objectives …

Objectives To analyze the patterns and risk factors of HIV drug resistance mutations among
patients failing second-line treatment and to describe early treatment responses to …

Treatment outcomes of HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Rwanda are
scarcely documented. HIV viral load (VL) and HIV drug-resistance (HIVDR) outcomes at …

Objectives: Published results on primary or transmitted HIV drug resistance may be biased
because they have been largely derived from specific cohort studies or higher risk …

Background: Pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) undermines individual treatment
success and threatens the achievement of UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. In many African …

BACKGROUND: Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) reduces the efficacy of antiretroviral
treatment and is a public health concern. OBJECTIVES: To gain insight in the epidemiology …

Background Better understanding of drug resistance patterns in HIV-infected children on
antiretroviral therapy (ART) is required to inform public health policies in high prevalence …

Background Approximately 30,000 non-citizens are living with HIV in Botswana, all of whom
as of 2020 are eligible to receive free antiretroviral treatment (ART) within the country. We …

Abstract Introduction: In Tanzania, the follow-up on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response is
based on clinical outcomes. We investigated virological response and ARV resistance …