Abstract Introduction: In Tanzania, the follow-up on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response is
based on clinical outcomes. We investigated virological response and ARV resistance …

Background Access to antiretroviral drugs for HIV-1 infection has increased in sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA) during the past few years. Mutations in the HIV-1 genome are often associated …

BACKGROUND: Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) reduces the efficacy of antiretroviral
treatment and is a public health concern. OBJECTIVES: To gain insight in the epidemiology …

Background: Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is increasing in some areas of Africa.
Detection of TDR may predict virologic failure of first-line nonnucleoside reverse …

Introduction Morbidity and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals has been dramatically
reduced by the implementation of combinational antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the …

Background Increasing HIV pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) levels have been observed
in regions with increasing antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage. However, data is lacking …

Introduction The current expansion of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the developing world
without routine virological monitoring still raises concerns on the outcome of the strategy in …

Background Virological response to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in rural Africa is poorly
described. We examined virological efficacy and emergence of drug resistance in adults …

Background and Objectives: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still a major health
issue in Indonesia. In recent years, the appearance of drug resistance-associated mutations …

Background The ongoing scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has
prompted the interest in surveillance of transmitted and acquired HIV drug resistance …