CRISPR-Cas systems defend prokaryotes against bacteriophages and mobile genetic
elements and serve as the basis for revolutionary tools for genetic engineering. Class 2 …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and associated
proteins (Cas) comprise the CRISPR-Cas system, which confers adaptive immunity against …

The Cas9 endonuclease is the central component of the Type II CRISPR/Cas system, a
prokaryotic adaptive restriction system against invading nucleic acids, such as those …

CRISPR systems mediate adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea through diverse
effector mechanisms and have been repurposed for versatile applications in therapeutics …

CRISPR–Cas is a bacterial defense system against phage infection and nucleic acid
invasion. Class 2 type II CRISPR–Cas9 has also been widely used for genome engineering …

BACKGROUND Prokaryotes have evolved multiple systems to combat invaders such as
viruses and plasmids. Examples of such defense systems include receptor masking …

Bacterial Cas9 nucleases from type II CRISPR-Cas antiviral defence systems have been
repurposed as genome editing tools. Although these proteins are found in many microbes …

CRISPR-Cas activity is mediated by RNA-guided effector proteins capable of surveilling and
silencing a foreign nucleic acid, such as by cleaving the genome of an infecting phage. 1 …

CRISPR-Cas systems adapt “memories” via spacers from viruses and plasmids to develop
adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements. Mature CRISPR RNAs guide CRISPR …

CRISPR-Cas technologies have greatly reshaped the biology field. In this review, we
discuss the CRISPR-Cas with a particular focus on the associated technologies and …