Opioid analgesics provide outstanding benefits for relief of severe pain. The mechanisms of
the analgesia accompanied with some side effects have been investigated by many …

The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …

Introduction: Pain relief remains a major public health challenge. The most efficient available
painkillers are opioids targeting the mu opioid receptor (MOR). MORs are expressed in the …

Introduction: Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain,
but they are burdened by detrimental side effects such as respiratory depression, addiction …

There is significant need to find effective, nonaddictive pain medications. κ Opioid receptor
(KOPr) agonists have been studied for decades but have recently received increased …

Misuse of prescription opioids, opioid addiction, and overdose underscore the urgent need
for developing addiction-free effective medications for treating severe pain. Mu opioid …

Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but
they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose …

Evidence from several novel opioid agonists and knockout animals suggests that improved
opioid therapeutic window, notably for analgesia versus respiratory depression, is a result of …

The relatively high efficacy of opioids, which have associated risks of addiction, tolerance,
and dependence, for the management of acute and terminal pain has been a major driver of …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …