In a wide variety of organisms, synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a
phenomenon known as codon bias. Population genetic studies have shown that …

Different synonymous codons are favored by natural selection for translation efficiency and
accuracy in different organisms. The rules governing the identities of favored codons in …

The phenomenon of codon usage bias has been important in the study of evolution because
it provides examples of weak selection working at the molecular level. During the last two …

The frequencies of alternative synonymous codons vary both among species and among
genes from the same genome. These patterns have been inferred to reflect the action of …

Background It is widely acknowledged that synonymous codons are used unevenly among
genes in a genome. In organisms under translational selection, genes encoding highly …

The vast amount of data generated by genome projects and the recent development of
population genetics models make comparative sequence analyses a very powerful …

In numerous species, from bacteria to Drosophila, evidence suggests that selection acts
even on synonymous codon usage: codon bias is greater in more abundantly expressed …

Since the genetic code is degenerate, several codons are translated to the same amino
acid. Although these triplets were historically considered to be “synonymous” and therefore …

Statistical and biochemical studies of the genetic code have found evidence of nonrandom
patterns in the distribution of codon assignments. It has, for example, been shown that the …

Codon usage bias refers to the phenomenon where specific codons are used more often
than other synonymous codons during translation of genes, the extent of which varies within …