The clinical use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)
bacteria, leading to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. To address this issue, next …

Reverse vaccinology (RV), the first application of genomic technologies in vaccine research,
represented a major revolution in the process of discovering novel vaccines. By determining …

An antigen is a protein capable of triggering an effective immune system response.
Protective antigens are the ones that can invoke specific and enhanced adaptive immune …

Bacterial infectious diseases remain the single most important threat to health worldwide.
Although conventional vaccinology approaches were successful in conferring protection …

The application of the fields of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics to vaccine
design, profoundly combined with bioinformatics, has been recently termed “vaccinomics.” …

Reverse vaccinology strategies have already been applied to a variety of microorganisms
and have contributed significantly to vaccine development. However, most of the studies …

Evolution has led to the expansion of survival strategies in pathogens including bacteria and
emergence of drug resistant strains proved to be a major global threat. Vaccination is a …

The ongoing, and very serious, threat from antimicrobial resistance necessitates the
development and use of preventative measures, predominantly vaccination. Polysaccharide …

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne pathogen which causes intestinal and systemic
diseases across the world. Vaccination is the most effective protection against Salmonella …

The vaccines currently on the market prevent diseases caused by 25 different pathogens,
among them viruses, parasites, and bacteria [1]. The list of vaccines is by far much shorter …