Multiple sclerosis (MS) is currently classified as a cell-mediated, autoimmune disease on the
basis of genetic, immunological, experimental and epidemiological data. 1 This widely …

Background Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has recently been reported
to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its actual prevalence, possible …

Objectives The traditional view that multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease has
recently been challenged by the claim that MS is caused by chronic cerebrospinal venous …

The hypothesis that extra-cranial venous flow abnormalities leading to a stagnant venous
return contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has generated passionate …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been considered an autoimmune disorder—an
abnormal immune system attacking an otherwise healthy brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve …

In recent years, chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been associated
with multiple sclerosi (MS). Balloon angioplasty of the affected veins (internal jugulars …

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the
central nervous system, believed to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction to myelin …

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been proposed as a cause of
multiple sclerosis (MS). However, two new studies found a very low overall prevalence of …

Objectives: To analyze all the arguments against chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
(CCSVI) as a medical entity, and its association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to revise all …

Background Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been associated to
multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To evaluate the possible association between CCSVI and …