Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause
high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has …

Influenza virus infection of humans results in a respiratory disease that ranges in severity
from sub-clinical infection to primary viral pneumonia that can result in death. The clinical …

Influenza viruses are emerging and re-emerging viruses that cause worldwide epidemics
and pandemics. Despite substantial knowledge of the mechanisms of infection and …

In humans, infection with an influenza A or B virus manifests typically as an acute and self-
limited upper respiratory tract illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and malaise …

Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human
population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the …

Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines
since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more …

Highlights•Experimental animals are used to model influenza virus transmission among
humans.•Ferrets, mice, and guinea pigs have provided valuable insights into influenza …

It has been 40 years since the last influenza pandemic and it is generally considered that
another could occur at any time. Recent introductions of influenza A viruses from avian …

Influenza A viruses causes a variety of illnesses in humans. The most common infection,
seasonal influenza, is usually a mild, self-limited febrile syndrome, but it can be more severe …

Influenza is the leading cause of death from an infectious cause. Because of its clinical
importance, many investigators use animal models to understand the biologic mechanisms …