Systemic administration of analgesics can lead to serious adverse side effects
compromising therapeutic benefit in some patients. Information coding pain transmits along …

Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious
experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue …

Much research has been undertaken in the field of pain in an attempt to find an effective
treatment. Insights into the underlying mechanisms of pain have been gained from studies …

Nerve injury increases the spinal cord expression and/or activity of voltage-and ligand-gated
ion channels, peptide receptors, and neuroimmune factors, which then drive dorsal horn …

The field of spinal cord stimulation is expanding rapidly, with new waveform paradigms
asserting supraspinal sites of action. The scope of treatment applications is also broadening …

Potentially noxious stimuli are sensed by specialized nerve cells named nociceptors, which
convey nociceptive signals from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system. The spinal …

Pain is an extremely complex process that involves the interaction of an array of
neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at all levels of the neuraxis. Identification of the …

Although pain is always intense and unpleasant, the capacity to experience this sensation
is, under normal circumstances, fundamental to the preservation of bodily integrity …

Advances in the characterization of pain signaling in recent years indicate that distinct
neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms contribute to pain arising from injury to …

Opioids have been used for spinal analgesia for more than a century, and their injection
epidurally and intrathecally has a key role in the control of postoperative pain. Since the …