Abstract Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines
display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection …

Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently
vaccinating their population to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 …

Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …

The development of more effective, accessible, and easy to administer COVID-19 vaccines
next to the currently marketed mRNA, viral vector, and whole inactivated virus vaccines is …

It is striking that all marketed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed for intramuscular
administration designed to produce humoral and cell mediated immune responses …

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has
caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and …

Background Intranasal vaccination may induce protective local and systemic immune
responses against respiratory pathogens. A number of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,
next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for
effective prophylactic vaccination to prevent the spread of severe acute respiratory …