Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood
gastrointestinal disorder. Consequently, there are no clear diagnostic markers to help …

Disruption of the microbiota–gut–brain axis results in a wide range of pathologies that are
affected, from the brain to the intestine. Gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells to …

The human gut harbours trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming
different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. These intestinal microbes are …

Research in the last decade has unveiled a crucial role for the trillions of microorganisms
that reside in the gut in influencing host neurodevelopment across the lifespan via the …

Modern research on gastrointestinal behavior has revealed it to be a highly complex
bidirectional process in which the gut sends signals to the brain, via spinal and vagal …

The interaction between the brain and the gut has been recognized for many centuries. This
bidirectional interaction occurs via neural, immunological and hormonal routes, and is …

While bidirectional brain–gut interactions are well known mechanisms for the regulation of
gut function in both healthy and diseased states, a role of the enteric flora—including both …

The high comorbidity of psychological disorders in both functional and organic
gastrointestinal diseases suggests the intimate and complex link between the brain and the …

The association and interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric
nervous system (ENS) is well established. Essentially ENS is the second brain, as we call it …

Communication between the brain and gut is not one-way, but a bidirectional highway
whereby reciprocal signals between the two organ systems are exchanged to coordinate …