Oxidative stress caused by supraphysiological production of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
can cause cellular injury associated with protein and lipid oxidation, DNA damage, and …

Significance: Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent homeostatic process inherent to cells and
tissues, has emerging significance in the pathogenesis of human disease. This process …

Mammalian cells and tissues respond to chemical and physical stress by inducing adaptive
or protective mechanisms that prolong survival. Among these, the major stress inducible …

Autophagy is a self‐digestive process that degrades intracellular components, including
damaged organelles, to maintain energy homeostasis and to cope with cellular stress …

Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism which plays “housekeeping” role in normal
physiological processes including removing of long lived, aggregated and misfolded …

Autophagy is a catabolic process for unnecessary or dysfunctional cytoplasmic contents by
lysosomal degradation pathways. Autophagy is implicated in various biological processes …

Significance: The molecular machinery regulating autophagy has started becoming
elucidated, and a number of studies have undertaken the task to determine the role of …

Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) constitutes a phylogenetically old
mechanism leading to the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic structures. At baseline …

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species change cellular responses through diverse
mechanisms that are now being defined. At low levels, they are signalling molecules, and at …

Autophagy is a widely conserved catabolic process that is necessary for maintaining cellular
homeostasis under normal physiological conditions and driving the cell to switch back to this …