Background Type I interferons, including interferon alpha (IFN-α), represent one of the first
lines of innate immune defense against influenza virus infection. Following natural infection …

From infection studies with cultured chicken cells and experimental mammalian hosts, it is
well known that influenza viruses use the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) to suppress the …

Chicken interferon-alpha (ChIFN-α) has been demonstrated to be an important cytokine in
antiviral immunity. However, the preventive or therapeutic effect of ChIFN-α as an oral …

The type I interferon (IFN) response represents one of the first lines of defense against
influenza virus infections. In this study, we assessed the protective potential of exogenous …

The recent emergence of pandemic swine-origin influenza virus (H1N1) and the severe
outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype leading to death in …

Background Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), an immunoregulatory cytokine, is known to control
many microbial infections. In a previous study, chicken interferon gamma (chIFN-γ) was …

Although highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have yet to acquire the ability to
transmit efficiently among humans, the increasing genetic diversity among these viruses and …

The combined use of cytokines has shown synergistic and/or additive effects in controlling
several viral infections of livestock animals. However, little is known concerning the practical …

The persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza within wild bird populations has forged
interest in control measures to limit a possible human pandemic. We therefore investigated …

Widespread distribution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses in domesticated
and wild birds continues to pose a threat to public health, as interspecies transmission of …