Interferons (IFNs) are key mediators that activate host defense mechanisms against viruses.
The recently identified mammalian Type III IFN has biological effects similar to type I IFN …

The unparalleled spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5N1 viruses has
resulted in devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry and sporadic human infections with a …

Most low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause no or mild disease in avian
species. Little is known about the mechanisms of host defence and the immune responses …

The host response to the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2, H5N3 and H9N2
viruses were examined in A549, MDCK, and CEF cells using a systems-based approach …

This study related the replication of an H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens to the
induction of host acute immune response after aerosol or intranasal inoculation with the …

Avian influenza virus (AIV) A/turkey/Oregon/71-SEPRL (TK/OR/71-SEPRL)(H7N3) encodes
a full-length NS1 protein and is a weak inducer of interferon (IFN). A variant, TK/OR/71 …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the subtype H5N1 causes severe, often
fatal pneumonia in humans. The pathogenesis of HPAIV H5N1 infection is not completely …

To better understand the immune response to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, we
compared expression of cytokines in chickens infected with avian influenza virus …

Ducks, the reservoir host, are generally permissive to influenza A virus infection without
disease symptoms. This natural ecology was upset by the emergence of H5N1 strains …

The type I interferon (IFN-I) is a critical component of the innate immune responses, and
Coronaviruses (CoVs) from both the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera interfere …