Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses are now widespread in poultry in Asia and
have recently spread to some African and European countries. Interspecies transmission of …

Background Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and infectious bronchitis virus
(IBV) are important pathogens of poultry, causing important economic losses for the sector …

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an economically important respiratory disease in
poultry worldwide. Previous studies have shown that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) …

Avian influenza is an important infectious disease for the poultry industry and an ongoing
public health concern. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to duck CD3ɛ …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) viruses first emerged in China in 2010 and in
2014 spread throughout Asia and to Europe and the United States via migrating birds …

One of the major causes of death in highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV)
infection in chickens is acute induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), which …

Avian influenza A/H7N9 virus infection causes pneumonia in humans with a high case
fatality rate. However, virus-induced modulation of immune responses is being recognized …

In March 2013 a new avian influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China and infected
humans with a case fatality rate of over 30%. Like the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, H7N9 …

This study shows that high pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection of chicken induced
high levels of bioactive interferon type I in the lung (4.3× 10 5 U/mg tissue), plasma (1.1× 10 …

ABSTRACT SD/818 and SD/196 are H9N2 influenza virus strains isolated from chickens
from the same farm at different times that exhibited similar genetic evolution. However, strain …