Background: The human body is colonized by an extremely complex and abundant
aggregation of microbes, collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. Recent studies have …

The realization that the microbiota–gut–brain axis plays a critical role in health and disease
has emerged over the past decade. The brain–gut axis is a bidirectional communication …

The central role of the intestinal microbiota in the progression and, equally, prevention of
metabolic dysfunction is becoming abundantly apparent. The symbiotic relationship …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly complex organ composed of the intestinal
epithelium layer, intestinal microbiota, and local immune system. Intestinal microbiota …

It is well known that an unhealthy lifestyle is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases, while
in recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiome and its …

The microbial communities that colonize different regions of the human gut influence many
aspects of health. In the healthy state, they contribute nutrients and energy to the host via the …

The digestive system is responsible for about 60–90% of diseases that affect humans,
making the digestive system one of the most important systems in life processes. This book …

The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract serves as the interface for digestion and
absorption of nutrients and water and as a defensive barrier. The defensive functions of the …

For the last 20 years, researchers have focused their intention on the impact of gut
microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. This year (2021), more than 25,000 …

Based on the ability of bacteria to both recognize and synthesize neuroendocrine hormones,
it is hypothesized that microbes within the intestinal tract comprise a community that …