In this review, we focus on four different activation states of fish macrophages. In vitro,
stimulation with microbial ligands induces the development of innate activated macrophages …

Innate immune mechanisms act as a first line of defence against infection. Inflammation
typifies an innate immune response, and is seen when the epithelial barriers are breached …

We report on the expression analysis and functional characterization of IL-4/13A and IL-
4/13B in goldfish. Quantitative analysis indicated the highest expression in the heart, spleen …

The lack of cell lines from mononuclear phagocytes of salmonid fish has impeded the study
of immune function at a cellular level in these economically and ecologically important …

Complex immune systems require complex regulatory mechanisms. Whilst the control of
innate and inflammatory responses is likely to be ancient in origin, and potentially ubiquitous …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a
'macrophage first'point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH) 1 …

Trained immunity is a form of innate immune memory best described in mice and humans.
Clear evidence of the evolutionary conservation of trained immunity in teleost fish is lacking …

The innate immune responses of early vertebrates, such as bony fishes, play a central role
in host defence against infectious diseases and one of the most important effector cells of …

The inflammatory response is a highly regulated process initiated by tissue damage, infil‐-
trating pathogens or both. The primary role of inflammation is the resolution of tissue dam …