Relatively little is known about factors that modulatein vivolower vertebrate phagocyte
responses, particularly in fish. In this study we report that head-kidney leucocytes from the …

Fish are the most diverse and successful group of vertebrate animals, with about 30,000
species. The study of fish immunity is of great importance for understanding the evolution of …

Innate immune response is a primitive form of defense mechanism existent in plants and
animals. It is a complex system which, in vertebrates, is composed of cellular and humoral …

Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

A long-term macrophage cell line from the goldfish was established, which has been
maintained in culture for more than 2 years. The macrophages were originally isolated by …

Neutrophils are essential to the acute inflammatory response, where they serve as the first
line of defense against infiltrating pathogens. We report that, on receiving the necessary …

Despite the impressive increase in the cloning and expression of genes encoding fish
immunoregulatory molecules, the knowledge on “in vivo” and “in vitro” functional …

We report on the characterization and functional analysis of IFNγ of the goldfish. Quantitative
analysis indicated the highest expression of goldfish IFNγ in the spleen, with lower …

Inflammatory diseases are a significant burden on global healthcare systems, and tackling
these diseases is a major focus of modern medicine. Key to many inflammatory diseases is …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …