Mammalian interleukin (IL)-2 is a cytokine centrally involved in the differentiation and
survival of CD4+ T helper subsets and CD4+ T regulatory cells and in activation of cytotoxic …

Cytokines are simple polypeptides or glycoproteins of less than 30 kDa, that act as
signalling molecules within the immune system (Thomson, 1994; Callard & Gearing, 1994) …

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is one of the key cytokines in Th2 mediated immune responses, which
has been shown to regulate the responses of many immune cytokines, such as interferon …

Background The early stages of the immune response are regulated by key cytokines
including both interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) which stimulate panels of …

Immune systems protect animals from threats by parasites, bacteria and viruses. Most of
what we know today about the composition, function and regulation of the two fundamental …

Interleukin-8, otherwise known as CXCL8, is a CXC chemokine that plays a pivotal
regulatory role in immune and inflammation responses of animals. Here, we identified an …

Specific cell-mediated immunity in fish is to date a relatively poorly studied area in fish
immunology. Despite breakthroughs in the cloning of the fish TcR and major …

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a well-characterized cytokine that plays key roles in cellular
responses to infection, inflammation, and immunological challenges in mammals. In this …

Over the past 10 years our knowledge of cellular and molecular dynamics of teleost humoral
immunity has increased enormously to now include: the existence of multiple isotypes …

In the current work, we have demonstrated that both rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
interleukin 8 (IL-8), a CXC chemokine, and CK-6, a CC chemokine, are able of efficiently …