The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as a multi‐organ disease encompassing
bidirectionally heart and kidney. In CRS type 4, chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to …

In cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 2, chronic heart failure (HF) results in the onset or
progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Examples of CRS type 2 (CRS2) include …

Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) have been recently classified into five distinct entities, each
with different major pathophysiologic mechanisms. CRS type 1 most commonly occurs in the …

Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) have been recently classified into five distinct entities, each
with different major pathophysiologic mechanisms. CRS type 1 most commonly occurs in the …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) triggers the risk of developing uremic cardiomyopathy as
characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and functional impairment. Traditionally …

CKD-associated cardiomyopathy is a common and severe complication in CKD. The
identification of novel biomarkers may lead to future therapeutic targets. Randomized clinical …

There is a bidirectional and complex relationship between the heart and kidneys. This
interaction is physical, chemical as well as biological and is also reflected in a strong …

Chronic diseases of the heart and of the kidneys commonly coexist in individuals. Certainly
combined and persistent heart and kidney failure can arise from a common pathologic insult …

The combination of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF) is associated with
an adverse prognosis. Although clinical studies hint at a specific bidirectional interaction …

Combined dysfunction of the heart and the kidneys, which can be associated with
haemodynamic impairment, is classically referred to as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) …