Estimation of the degree of agreement between different raters is of crucial importance in
medical and social sciences. There are lots of different approaches proposed in the …

Agreement among raters is an important issue in medicine, as well as in education and
psychology. The agreement among two raters on a nominal or ordinal rating scale has been …

Background In an inter-rater agreement study, if two raters tend to rate considering different
aspects of the subject of interest or have different experience levels, a grey zone occurs …

Inter-rater agreement measures are used to estimate the degree of agreement between two
or more assessors. When the agreement table is ordinal, different weight functions that …

Screening and diagnostic procedures often require a physician's subjective interpretation of
a patient's test result using an ordered categorical scale to define the patient's disease …

Recently, the data analysts pay more attention to the assessment of rater agreement,
especially in areas of medical sciences. In this context, the statistical indices such as kappa …

Background In inter-rater agreement studies, the assessment behaviour of raters can be
influenced by their experience, training levels, the degree of willingness to take risks, and …

Background Cohen's κ coefficient is often used as an index to measure the agreement of
inter-rater determinations. However, κ varies greatly depending on the marginal distribution …

Scott's pi and Cohen's kappa are widely used for assessing the degree of agreement
between two raters with binary outcomes. However, many authors have pointed out its …

The need to assess agreement exists in various clinical studies where quantifying inter‐rater
reliability is of great importance. Use of unscaled agreement indices, such as total deviation …