Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder (ND),
characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, microglial activation, and …

Posttranslational modification and agglomeration of α-synuclein (α-Syn), mitochondrial
dysfunction, oxidative stress and loss of dopaminergic neurons are hallmark of Parkinson's …

The treatment for brain disorders specifically neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) has been
a main challenge in the medical field. NDDs are progressive, disabling, and non-curable …

Central nervous system disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases, are a public
health priority and demand a strong scientific response. Various therapy procedures have …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that separates the blood from the brain tissue and
possesses unique characteristics that make the delivery of drugs to the brain a great …

The blood brain barrier (BBB) maintains homeostasis by regulating the transport of
chemicals at the brain interface. However, it is also one of the largest obstacles for drug …

To compare the efficacy of L-DOPA administered intranasally in the form of nanoparticles
(nano-DOPA) and in standard drug forms using a rat Parkinson's Disease (PD) model. L …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the main causes of disability and dependency among
elderly people. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive and …

Microglia as an important type of innate immune cell in the brain have been considered as
an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of central nervous degenerative diseases …

Abstract Although Levodopa (l-DOPA), a dopamine precursor, exhibits a high risk of
dyskinesia, it remains the primary treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive …