The interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses is extremely complex and just
beginning to be understood in detail. The tendency for biomedical research to establish …

Activation or inhibition of TLR4 by small molecules will provide in the next few years a new
generation of therapeutics. TLR4 stimulation (agonism) by high-affinity ligands mimicking …

Toll‐like receptors (TLR), a family of evolutionarily conserved pathogen recognition
receptors, play pivotal role as primary sensors of invading pathogens. TLR identify …

Antagonism of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and TLR8 has been hypothesized to be
beneficial to patients suffering from autoimmune conditions. A phenotypic screen for small …

The mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on macrophages and dendritic
cells, which are primarily involved in innate immunity. At present, ligands for several of the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host defense by inducing inflammatory and
adaptive immune responses following infection. Drugs that target TLRs are of considerable …

Upon microbial infection, a host has to mount a multiplicity of immune responses that target
the invading pathogen. This is achieved in part by the use of particular receptors expressed …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed in the innate immune system. They
recognize conserved microbial ligands such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides or …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in a wide variety of cells and is the central
component of the mammalian innate immune system. Since its discovery in 1997, TLR4 has …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were shown to play a critical role in the recognition and activation
of pathogens by the innate immune system. Pathogen engagement of the TLR–myeloid …