Objective: Development of alcohol dependence is gradual, requires prolonged exposure to
alcohol and reflects neuroadaptive processes in the brain. An understanding of these …

Excessive drinking to intoxication is the major behavioral characteristic of those addicted to
alcohol but it is not the only one. Indeed, individuals addicted to alcohol also crave alcoholic …

Studies in animal models have shown that repeated episodes of alcohol dependence and
withdrawal promote escalation of drinking that is presumably associated with alterations in …

The environment in which alcohol consumption occurs may trigger later relapse in alcohol
abusers. In this study, we tested whether an alcohol-associated environment would induce …

Background: In animal models of continuous alcohol self‐administration, in which physical
dependence does not constitute the major factor of ethanol intake, 2 factors likely contribute …

Background: The conditioning of ethanol's reinforcing effects with specific environmental
stimuli is thought to be a critical factor in long‐lasting relapse risk associated with …

Prolonged exposure of the brain to ethanol is a prerequisite for developing ethanol
dependence, but the underlying neural adaptations are unknown. Here we demonstrate that …

The experiment examined the effects of single and multiple episodes of forced
administration of a liquid diet containing ethanol on subsequent volitional ethanol …

Background: Alcohol relapse is a major problem in the treatment of alcohol abuse and
alcoholism. Understanding the long‐term neuronal alterations that promote relapse of …

Alcoholism (alcohol dependence) is characterized by a compulsion to seek and ingest
alcohol (ethanol), loss of control over intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional …