Introduction: The emergence of new diseases and the lack of efficient vaccines against
numerous nontreatable pathogens require the development of novel vaccination strategies …

Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection.
Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle …

The mucosal epithelium of the upper respiratory tract constitutes an effective physical barrier
to many pathogens. Its mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is of particular importance for …

For a long time, intranasal administration is ascribed as an effective route to deliver drugs
into the systemic circulation, resulting in rapid onset and higher drug bioavailability than …

Vaccination represents a cost-effective weapon for disease prevention and has proven to
dramatically reduce the incidences of several diseases that once were responsible for …

The vast majority of human pathogens colonize and invade at the mucosal surfaces.
Preventing infection at these sites via mucosally active vaccines is a promising and rational …

The current vaccine market is gaining momentum in the development of alternative
administration routes namely intranasal, oral, topical, pulmonary, vaginal, and rectal; the …

Nasal vaccination is a promising alternative to classical parental vaccination, as it is non-
invasive and, in principle, capable of eliciting strong systemic and local immune responses …

The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and
offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity …

The vast majority of vaccines are designed to protect us against infectious diseases; the
majority of these diseases are caused by pathogens entering our body via mucosal routes …