Objective To examine the effect of β blockers in the management of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), assessing their effect on mortality, hospital admissions, and …

We review the cardiac safety of the drugs available at present for the maintenance treatment
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in stable disease, focusing on inhaled …

Educational aims To discuss fundamental questions relating to the use of bronchodilators
that can lead to an optimisation of their utilisation. To describe new bronchodilators that …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with chronic heart
failure (CHF) or coronary artery disease (CAD). In spite of the recommendation to use beta …

Treating people with cardiovascular disease and COPD causes significant clinician anxiety.
β-Blockers save lives in people with heart disease, specifically postinfarction and heart …

The long-term use of inhaled anticholinergic agents has recently been suggested to be
associated with an excess risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with …

Background Management guidelines of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are
mainly based on results of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but some authors have …

The presentation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually is insidious, and
many patients are undiagnosed until the disease is far advanced. Therefore, the early use of …

The use of bronchodilators is one of the key elements in the treatment of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), although there is often limited reversibility of airflow obstruction …