The immune system provides a large variety of immune checkpoint proteins, which involve
both costimulatory and inhibitory proteins. Costimulatory proteins can promote cell survival …

In the past decades, the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis has been well-recognized
and despite the development of therapeutic strategies targeted at its classical risk factors …

Innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms, in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, are
important drivers of atherosclerosis. The interaction between the different immune cells and …

The benefits of current state-of-the-art treatments to combat atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease (ASCVD) have stagnated. Treatments are mostly based on controlling …

During host immune response, an initial and sufficient activation is required to avoid
infection and cancer, yet an excessive activation bears the risk of autoimmune reactivity and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are monoclonal antibodies which bind to immune
checkpoints (IC) and their ligands to prevent inhibition of T-cell activation by tumor cells …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has emerged as a promising new approach
to treat malignancy. Such therapies can result in autoimmune-related complications such as …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced
malignancies in recent years. Numerous reports have detailed the myriad of possible …

Writ large, we can divide immune and inflammatory responses into the primitive innate
immune response and the evolutionarily more recent adaptive immune response. Innate …

Over the past fifteen years, treatments using monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting
cytokines have been developed to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, including …