In the era of cancer immunotherapy, there is significant interest in combining conventional
cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, with drugs that stimulate the immune system. The …

Radiotherapy of cancer has been traditionally considered as a local therapy without
noticeable effects outside the irradiated fields. However, ionizing radiation exerts multiple …

The therapeutic application of ionizing radiation has been largely based on its cytocidal
power combined with the ability to selectively target tumors. Radiotherapy effects on survival …

Radiotherapy has been used for more than a hundred years as a local tumor treatment. The
occurrence of systemic antitumor effects manifesting as regression of tumors outside of the …

Although cancer progression is primarily driven by the expansion of tumor cells, the tumor
microenvironment and anti-tumor immunity also play important roles. Herein, we consider …

Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important local modality for the treatment of cancer. The
current rationale for its use is based largely on the ability of RT to kill the cancer cells by a …

With the recent success of checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulating agents, there
has been renewed interest in the combination of such agents with radiation. The biologic …

The main antitumor efficacy of irradiation relies in its direct cytotoxic effect. Increasing
evidence indicates a systemic effect of radiation though, mediated mainly by the immune …

The importance of ionizing radiation has historically been limited to achieving local control of
tumor cells. However, emerging evidence over the last decade suggests an increasingly …

Radiotherapy—despite being a local therapy that meanwhile is characterized by an
impressively high degree of spatial accuracy—can stimulate systemic phenomena which …