An extensive analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana peripheral and integral thylakoid
membrane proteome was performed by sequential extractions with salt, detergent, and …

Chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont that resided within a eukaryotic
cell. Due to their prokaryotic heritage, chloroplast outer membranes contain transmembrane …

Most plastid proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome, and consequently, need to be
transported into plastids across multiple envelope membranes. In diverse organisms …

The elaborate compartmentalization of plant cells requires multiple mechanisms of protein
targeting and trafficking. In addition to the organelles found in all eukaryotes, the plant cell …

Background It is commonly assumed that a heterotrophic ancestor of the supergroup
Archaeplastida/Plantae engulfed a cyanobacterium that was transformed into a primary …

The translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC) initiates the import of
thousands of nuclear encoded preproteins required for chloroplast biogenesis and function …

C4 plants have up to 10-fold higher apparent CO2 assimilation rates than the most
productive C3 plants. This requires higher fluxes of metabolic intermediates across the …

How thylakoid membranes are generated to form a metabolically active membrane network
and how thylakoid membranes orchestrate the insertion and localization of protein …

From individual localization and large‐scale proteomic studies, we know that stroma‐
exposed thylakoid membranes harbor part of the machinery performing the light‐dependent …

Proplastids are undifferentiated plastids of meristematic tissues that synthesize amino acids
for protein synthesis, fatty acids for membrane lipid production, and purines and pyrimidines …