Background—Epidemiological studies have shown gender differences in the incidence of
congestive heart failure (CHF); however, the role of estrogen in CHF is not known. We …

Background—Lower mortality rates among women with chronic heart failure than among
men may depend in part on the action of female sex hormones, especially estrogens. The …

From human and animal studies, estrogen is known to protect the myocardium from an
ischemic insult. However, there is limited knowledge regarding mechanisms by which …

Background and purpose: Oestrogen confers cardioprotection by down‐regulating the β1‐
adrenoceptor and suppressing the expression and activity of protein kinase A. We …

Female gender and estrogen-replacement therapy in postmenopausal women are
associated with improved heart failure survival, and physiological replacement of 17β …

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a high-risk factor for incident of cardiovascular
diseases. Women at young ages show a reduced incidence of both T2D and cardiovascular …

Females have a lower incidence of heart failure and improved survival after myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with males. Although estrogen-suppressed …

This study was designed to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) in overcoming the
cardiac over-loading and cardiac fibrosis in rats. E2 (100 ng/kg) or oil was applied in female …

Background—Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) displays significant gender-based
differences. 17β-estradiol (E2) plays an important role in this process because it can …

The effects of estrogen on vascular function have been studied extensively; however, much
less is known regarding the effect of estrogen on myocardial function and cardiomyocyte …