The thyroid gland and gonadal axes interact continuously before and during pregnancy.
Hypothyroidism influences ovarian function by decreasing levels of sex-hormone-binding …

Thyroid autoimmunity is the most prevalent autoimmune state that affects up to 5–20% of
women during the age of fertility. Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity is significantly higher …

Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain
normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent …

Understanding of changes in thyroid function and the consequences of thyroid disease
during pregnancy has rapidly grown in the past two decades, and revised American Thyroid …

In the present review, an attempt was made to describe current knowledge and concepts
concerning the complex relationships that link thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and …

BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity are prevalent among women
of reproductive age and are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Preconception or …

The regulation of the female reproductive system is one of the most relevant actions of
thyroid hormones. Adequate thyroid hormones production is essential for normal menstrual …

Sexual dimorphism exists in regard to the immune response between women and men, and
it accounts for the greater prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in women. Similarly to the …

The thyroid gland is substantially challenged during pregnancy. Total T3 and T4 levels
increase by 50% during pregnancy owing to a 50% increase in thyroxine-binding globulin …

Background Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI)–the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase and/or anti-
thyroglobulin antibodies–affects 8–14% of reproductively-aged women. It is hotly debated …