Formalin injected subcutaneously into the paw is a widely used model of pain. This
procedure evokes a short-lasting period of flinching (phase 1) and a long-lasting period of …

TRPA1 is an excitatory ion channel expressed by a subpopulation of primary afferent
somatosensory neurons that contain substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide …

In mammals, potentially dangerous signals from the environment are detected by neurons in
the pain pathway. Specialized neurons within the peripheral nervous system called …

Anesthetic agents can induce a paradox activation and sensitization of nociceptive sensory
neurons and, thus, potentially facilitate pain processing. Here we identify distinct molecular …

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels detect diverse sensory stimuli, including
alterations in osmolarity. However, a molecular detector of noxious hypertonic stimuli has …

The formalin test is increasingly used as a model of injury-produced pain but there is no
generally accepted method of pain rating. To examine the properties of various pain rating …

Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator that plays a pivotal role in pain and hyperalgesia in
inflamed tissues by exciting and/or sensitizing nociceptors. TRPA1 is an important …

Background Morphine and its derivatives are key drugs in pain control. Despite its well-
known analgesic properties morphine at high concentrations may be proalgesic …

Noxious stimuli are thought to modify the activity of several populations of central nervous
system (CNS) cells, which underlie the sensory-discriminative and motivational-affective …

Experimental models of pain include tests of response thesholds to high intensity stimuli
(acute pain tests) and changes in spontaneous or evoked behavioral responses in animals …