Encapsulation of developing embryos imposes potential restrictions, because the capsule
wall must allow for adequate inward diffusion of oxygen and for increased diffusion of …

Oxygen availability in the aggregation of offspring has been shown to be a critical factor
affecting the survival and development of embryos in aquatic systems. It is not yet known …

Walls of egg capsules of the gastropod Crepidula fecunda Gallardo, 1979 were examined at
different developmental stages during the period of intracapsular development of embryos …

Intracapsular oxygen availability is one of the main factors affecting embryo development of
marine gastropod species with encapsulation. This is because the low solubility and …

Oxygen supply inside egg masses has been reported as a constraint of embryo
development. Many species that enclose their eggs in jelly masses or ovicapsules have …

Many marine gastropod species brood their embryos in thin-walled capsules to protect them
during development. Despite its beneficial effects, encapsulation has two major constraints …

Although periods of severely reduced oxygen concentration are occurring with increasing
frequency in coastal marine ecosystems, the effects of such exposures on early …

Although muricid gastropods produce a spectacular array of benthic egg capsules, many
aspects of their encapsulated development remain poorly studied. This may be due in part to …

Encapsulation is a common strategy among marine invertebrate species. It has been shown
that oxygen and food availability independently constrain embryo development during …

Encapsulated development in the intertidal environment can potentially expose developing
embryos to environmental stresses, particularly during low tides. Such stresses can affect …