Background To date, few studies have investigated the causal relationship between
mortality and long-term exposure to a low level of fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) …

Background Both short-and long-term exposures to fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.
5) are associated with mortality. However, whether the associations exist at levels below the …

Background Short-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (particles with a median
aerodynamic diameter< 2.5 μm (PM2. 5)) air pollution has been associated with adverse …

Background: Many studies have reported the associations between long-term exposure to
PM2. 5 and increased risk of death. However, to our knowledge, none has used a causal …

Introduction Information on the relationship between levels of particulate matter (PM) smaller
than 2.5 μm and mortality rates in Europe is relatively sparse because of limited availability …

Background Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μg/m 3 in
aerodynamic diameter; PM 2.5) is significantly associated with increased risk of premature …

Most PM2. 5-associated mortality studies are not conducted in rural areas where mortality
rates may differ when population characteristics, health care access, and PM2. 5 …

Abstract Purpose of Review Health effects of long-term exposure to ambient PM2. 5 vary
with regions, and 75% of the deaths attributable to PM2. 5 were estimated in Asia-Pacific in …

Background: Exposure measurement error is a central concern in air pollution epidemiology.
Given that studies have been using ambient air pollution predictions as proxy exposure …

Background The concentration-response relationship between mortality and long-term
exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) has not been fully elucidated, especially at high …