The generation of protective immunity to helminth parasites is critically dependent upon the
development of a CD4+ T helper type 2 cytokine response. However, the host–parasite …

T helper 2 (Th2) responses, characterized by the expression of the type-2 cytokines
interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, are essential for the control of parasitic helminth …

Helminth parasites are masters at manipulating host immune responses, using an array of
sophisticated mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling helminths to establish …

The complexity of helminth macroparasites is reflected in the intricate network of host cell
types that participate in the Type 2 immune response needed to battle these organisms. In …

The survival of helminths in the host over long periods of time is the result of a process of
adaptation or dynamic co-evolution between the host and the parasite. However, infection …

Helminth infections represent a significant public health concern resulting in devastating
morbidity and economic consequences across the globe. Helminths migrate through …

Helminths are masterful immunoregulators. A characteristic feature of helminth infection is a
Th2-dominated immune response, but stimulation of immunoregulatory cell populations …

Immune regulation by parasites is a global concept that includes suppression, diversion,
and conversion of the host immune response to the benefit of the pathogen. While many …

Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2‐mediated responses
that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 by CD 4+ cells …

Over 2 billion people worldwide are infected with helminths (worms). Helminth infections are
a major public health problem worldwide due to their ability to cause significant morbidity …