Photic entrainment of insect circadian rhythms can occur through either extraretinal (brain)
or retinal photoreceptors, which mediate sensitivity to blue light or longer wavelengths …

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) functions as a
photoreceptor to entrain circadian oscillators to light-dark cycles and as a transcription factor …

Animal flavoproteins called cryptochromes (CRYs) are generally believed to have distinct
circadian clock functions in insects and mammals: Drosophila has one CRY (dCRY) which …

Abstract cry (cryptochrome) is an important clock gene, and recent data indicate that it
encodes a critical circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila. A mutant allele, cry b, inhibits …

Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue-light-absorbing proteins involved in a variety of biological
phenomena. In animals, CRYs exhibit a certain versatility with regard to these organisms' …

In Drosophila, light affects circadian behavioral rhythms via at least two distinct mechanisms.
One of them relies on the visual phototransduction cascade. The other involves a …

Cryptochromes (CRYs) are a class of flavoproteins that sense blue light. In animals, CRYs
are expressed in the eyes and in the clock neurons that control sleep/wake cycles and are …

Light is a major environmental signal for circadian rhythms. We have identified and analyzed
cry, a novel Drosophila cryptochrome gene. All characterized family members are directly …

Circadian rhythms are endogenous autonomous 24‐h oscillations that are generated by a
transcription–translation feedback loop (TTFL). In the positive arm of the TTFL, two …

The mechanisms that synchronize the biorhythms of the mammalian retina with the light/dark
cycle are independent of those synchronizing the rhythms in the central pacemaker, the …