Evidence is accumulating that the etiology, epidemiology, consequences and mechanisms
that underlie drug abuse are different in males and females. In this review, we present …

Background: Gender is increasingly being studied for risk and protective factors underlying
substance abuse and addiction. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess gender …

Background and Objectives Research regarding substance use and substance use
disorders (SUDs) shows significant gender differences in prevalence of substance use and …

In the early years of NIDA-supported drug abuse research, much of the research on women
was treatment related and conducted out of concern for their pregnancy status. Since then …

Human and animal research indicates the presence of sex differences in drug abuse. These
data suggest that females, compared to males, are more vulnerable to key phases of the …

There is something of a gender paradox in drug user treatment. Research consistently
indicates that women possess “risk factors” associated with drug use relapse, yet women are …

Women progress more rapidly after initial cocaine use to addiction as compared with men.
Similarly, female rats appear to require less cocaine exposure before developing an …

Sex differences have been reported in various phases of substance abuse, including
relapse. In general, women show greater propensity to drug relapse than men, owing …

Background Despite extensive research on gender differences in addiction, there are
relatively few published reports comparing treatment outcomes for women versus men …

This review considers gender issues in the recent literature for alcohol, nicotine, and other
psychoactive drug abuse and for each of the three drug types reports:(1) the ratio of men to …