There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

Despite the development of highly effective treatments for relapsing–remitting multiple
sclerosis (MS), limited progress has been made in addressing primary progressive or …

Along with microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, macrophages in the perivascular
space, choroid plexus, and meninges are the principal effector cells in neuroinflammatory …

The central nervous system (CNS) is immune privileged with access to leukocytes being
limited. In several neurological diseases, however, infiltration of immune cells from the …

Emerging data point to important contributions of both autoimmune inflammation and
progressive degeneration in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Unfortunately …

In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsing–
remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) arises in people who have a genetic susceptibility to environmental
factors and events, which ultimately trigger the disease. It is thought that peripheral immune …

Major progress has been made during the past three decades in understanding the
inflammatory process and pathogenetic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies …

Highly effective anti-inflammatory therapies have so far been developed for patients with
relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis, which also show some benefits in the early …