Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has a biased nucleotide
composition different from human genes. This raises the question of how evolution has …

Codon usage optimization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) structural genes
has been shown to increase protein expression in vitro as well as in the context of DNA …

Large efforts have been devoted to genetic code engineering in the past decade, aiming for
unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Recently, an increasing number of studies were …

Fundamental property of viruses is to rapidly adapt themselves under changing conditions of
virus replication. Using HIV-1 derivatives that poorly replicate in macaque cells as model …

Mutation rates should be governed by at least three evolutionary factors: the need for
beneficial mutations, the benefit of minimizing the mutational load and the cost of replication …

Understanding how HIV-1 persists during effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) should inform
strategies to cure HIV-1 infection. We hypothesize that proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells …

There is a significant variation of codon usage bias among different species and even
among genes within the same organisms. Codon optimization, this is, gene redesigning with …

The~ 9.5 kilobase HIV-1 genome contains RNA sequences and structures that control many
aspects of viral replication, including transcription, splicing, nuclear export, translation …

The RNA genome of the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is
significantly richer in adenine nucleotides than the statistically equal distribution of the four …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are characterized by a high degree of viral
variation. The genetic variation is thought to be a combined effect of a high error rate of …