Cardiac macrophages represent a heterogeneous cell population with distinct origins,
dynamics, and functions. Recent studies have revealed that CC Chemokine Receptor 2 …

Elevated levels of circulating pro‐inflammatory biomarkers in patients with both ischaemic
and non‐ischaemic heart failure (HF) correlate with disease severity and prognosis …

Fibrosis induced by prolonged inflammation is a major pathophysiological feature of
adverse left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction and pathological cardiac …

The cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is the only known member of the type II family of
interferons, and as such, binds to its own distinct receptor. It is important in host defense …

Macrophages are essential components of the immune system and play a role in the normal
functioning of the cardiovascular system. Depending on their origin and phenotype, cardiac …

It has long been observed that heart failure (HF) is associated with measures of systemic
inflammation. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in our …

Classical therapy of heart failure is based on treatment of its pre-disposing/triggering factors
and of the neurohumoral activation secondary to the deterioration of cardiac function. A new …

Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is a major health problem
associated with myocardial leukocyte infiltration, inflammation, and fibrosis. Monocyte and …

The heart contains various types of cells, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts,
many kinds of immune cells and vascular cells. Initial studies mainly focused on …

Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). In addition to
their direct involvement as mediators in the pathogenesis of HF, inflammatory cytokines and …