Understanding how bacteria coordinate gene expression with biomass growth to adapt to
various stress conditions remains a grand challenge in biology. Stress response is often …

Highlights•(p) ppGpp metabolic enzymes sense diverse stresses.•(p) ppGpp regulates
transcription initiation by targeting RNAP or GTP levels.•(p) ppGpp controls replication …

Both ppGpp and pppGpp are thought to function collectively as second messengers for
many complex cellular responses to nutritional stress throughout biology. There are few …

Abstract Guanosine 5′‐(tri) diphosphate, 3′‐diphosphate [(p) ppGpp] is a small nucleic
acid that helps bacteria survive in limited environments. Gene chip shows that (p) ppGpp is a …

A fundamental question in microbiology is how bacterial cells manage to coordinate gene
expression with cell growth during adapting to various environmental conditions. Although …

When bacteria experience growth-limiting environmental conditions, the synthesis of the
hyperphosphorylated guanosine derivatives (p) ppGpp is induced by enzymes of the …

The nucleotide ppGpp is a highly conserved regulatory molecule in bacteria that helps tune
growth rate to nutrient availability. Despite decades of study, how ppGpp regulates growth …

Cellular growth requires a high level of coordination to ensure that all processes run in
concert. The role of the nucleotide alarmone (p) ppGpp has been extensively studied in …

Summary (p) ppGpp is a nucleotide messenger universally produced in bacteria following
nutrient starvation. In E. coli, ppGpp inhibits purine nucleotide synthesis by targeting several …

During stress, bacteria undergo extensive physiological transformations, many of which are
coordinated by ppGpp. Although ppGpp is best known for enhancing cellular resilience by …