Amid criticisms of current paper-and-pencil type questionnaires measuring self-construal
across cultural groups, the authors used a graphic representation scale to examine whether …

This research adds a third model and measure of self-construal to the current psychological
literature: the metapersonal self-construal. This model extends previous theory and …

The Self-Construal Scale (SCS) is an important measure of self-construal. However, new
data are needed on the structure of the SCS using more appropriate statistical techniques …

I examined the influence of cultural meaning systems on the perception of self among
Japanese and American (United States) college students. Given the importance of social …

This chapter explores a number of ways in which individual and collective selves can be
distinguished, act independently or even an-tagonistically, and how they interact. It uses self …

In a discipline with few universally accepted principles, the proposition that people are
motivated to maintain and enhance their self-esteem has achieved the rare status of an …

We propose a new framework for understanding cultural differences in self‐construal by
noting the duality of this construct. Based on the analysis of the adaptive roles of self …

Within the framework of self-affirmation theory, the authors compared levels of dissonance
reduction in the free-choice paradigm between a culture typical of an independent construal …

Existing cross-cultural research often assumes that the independent versus interdependent
self-construal process leads to different cultural behaviors, although few studies directly test …

Social class ranks people on the social ladder of society, and in this research we examine
how perceptions of economic standing shape the way that individuals evaluate the self …