Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are particles secreted by bacteria with diameter of 20-
400 nm. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on the surface of …

Vaccines have been highly successful in the management of many diseases. However,
there are still numerous illnesses, both infectious and noncommunicable, for which there are …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel and promising platforms for
the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against infectious and …

The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from eukaryotes has gained strong interest
in recent years. However, research into the therapeutic application of their bacterial …

Abstract Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can release nano-sized lipid
bilayered structures, known as membrane vesicles (MVs). These MVs play an important role …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria during growth in vitro and in vivo. MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with …

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical nanostructures spontaneously
released from Gram-negative bacteria. Natural OMVs that are abundant in …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell membrane‐derived compartments that spontaneously
secrete from a wide range of cells and tissues. EVs have shown to be the carriers in …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are non-living spherical nanostructures that derive from
the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs are important in bacterial pathogenesis …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are produced by Gram-negative bacteria both in vitro and
in vivo. OMVs are nano-sized spherical vehicles formed by lipid bilayer membranes and …