This chapter examines areas of behavior that are less closely related to overall or global self-
esteem (divergent validity) and areas that are more closely related (convergent validity). Self …

The vast majority of research on self-esteem has considered it as a trait, an individual
difference that is more or less enduring across time and situations. As attested by the …

Historically, most research and theory on the nature, antecedents, and consequences of self-
esteem has focused on its level, that is, on whether it is low or high. Recently, it has become …

Self-esteem, viewed for decades as psychology's Holy Grail, has proved to be an elusive
and surprisingly porous vessel. Despite popular beliefs that self-esteem plays a causal role …

Most classic and contemporary researchers use the term “self-esteem” to refer to the
individuals global sense of personal worth. Global self-esteem can be logically differentiated …

Self-esteem is defined as the evaluative aspect of self-knowledge that reflects the extent to
which individuals like themselves and believe they are competent (eg, Brown & Marshall …

Self-esteem is a hot topic. Educators believe that self-esteem plays an essential role in
academic achievement. Politicians, business managers, and religious leaders extol the …

The present meta-analysis tests the bottom-up and top-down models of self-esteem, by
synthesizing the available longitudinal evidence on prospective effects between global and …

The term self‐esteem was first coined by William James in 1890, which makes it one of the
oldest concepts in psychology. Self‐esteem's importance is often seen in relation to such …

Self‐esteem is a theory that addresses an individual's overall affective feeling of self‐worth.
Individuals differ both in their stable sense of self‐esteem, as well as in their self‐esteem …