Highlights•Dendritic cells can present antigen in either an immunogenic or tolerogenic
manner.•Liposomes and nanoparticles can deliver antigens to antigen presenting …

Disease‐modifying drugs and biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases, although
promising, are non‐curative. As the field moves toward development of new approaches to …

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are caused by the loss of self-tolerance and destruction of
tissues by the host's immune system. Several antigen-specific immunotherapies, focused on …

The prevalence of autoimmune disorders is increasing steadily and there is no permanent
cure available. Immunomodulation through repeated exposure of antigens, known as …

Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in
preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved …

Cytokine signaling is critical to a range of biological processes including cell development,
tissue repair, aging, and immunity. In addition to acting as key signal mediators of the …

Antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) present compelling potential for introducing
precision to the treatment of autoimmune diseases where nonspecific, global …

Autoimmune diseases are burdensome conditions that affect a significant fraction of the
global population. The hallmark of autoimmune disease is a host's immune system being …

Therapeutic antibodies, due to their high affinity and specificity toward their biological
targets, may demonstrate reduced harmful side effects compared with traditional drug …

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is the leading metabolic disorder in children worldwide. Over
time, incidence rates have continued to rise with 20 million individuals affected globally by …