Cancer immunotherapy has been a great breakthrough, with immune checkpoint inhibitors
leading the way. Despite the clinical effectiveness of certain immune checkpoint inhibitors …

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly including anti-programmed
cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T …

Over the past few decades, different inhibitory receptors have been identified, which have
played prominent roles in reducing anti-tumor immune responses. The role of immune …

With the goal of harnessing the host's immune system to provide long-lasting remission and
cures for various cancers, the advent of immunotherapy revolutionized the cancer therapy …

The immune system frequently comprises immunological checkpoints. They serve as a
barrier to keep the immune system from overreacting and damaging cells that are robust …

Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-
tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are …

Immune checkpoints within the tumor microenvironment (TME) play important roles in
modulating host antitumor immunity. Checkpoint-based immunotherapies (eg immune …

Immune checkpoints or coinhibitory receptors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen
(CTLA)-4 and programmed death (PD)-1, play important roles in regulating T cell responses …

Finding effective treatments for cancer remains a challenge. Recent studies have found that
the mechanisms of tumor evasion are becoming increasingly diverse, including abnormal …

Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the immune system to inhibit tumor growth or prevent
metastases. Tumor cells primarily employ altered expression of human leukocyte antigen …