Bioreactors are powerful tools with the potential to model tissue development and disease in
vitro. For nearly four decades, bioreactors have been used to create tendon and ligament …

Tissue engineering offers the possibility of replacing damaged human ligaments with
engineered ligament tissues. Hence, we attempted to culture in vitro ligament tissues by …

Adult tendon tissue demonstrates a limited regenerative capacity, and the natural repair
process leaves fibrotic scar tissue with inferior mechanical properties. Surgical treatment is …

Tendons and ligaments (TL) have poor healing capability, and for serious injuries like tears
or ruptures, surgical intervention employing autografts or allografts is usually required …

▪ Abstract Tissue engineering is emerging as a significant clinical option to address tissue
and organ failure by implanting biological substitutes for the compromised tissues. As …

Engineered soft tissue products—both tendon and ligament—have gained tremendous
interest in regenerative medicine as alternatives to autograft and allograft treatments due to …

The mechanical properties of healing ligaments and tendons are not comparable to those of
normal tissue. To improve the quality of the ligament healing, therapeutic strategies include …

Background: Tissue-engineered flexor tendon grafts may allow reconstruction of severe
tendon losses. One critical factor is the optimization of cell proliferation and reseeding. Use …

Tendons are dense connective tissues with a hierarchical polarized structure that respond to
and adapt to the transmission of muscle contraction forces to the skeleton, enabling motion …

A hierarchically structured scaffold is designed and fabricated for facilitating tendon‐to‐bone
repair. The scaffold is composed of three regions with distinct functions:(i) an array of …