Autoantibodies (AA) are a serological hallmark of most autoimmune diseases. In contrast to
genetic markers that show a predisposition for disease development, certain AA serve as …

The etiology of autoimmune diseases is due to a combination of genetic predisposition and
environmental factors that alter the expression of immune regulatory genes through various …

Several studies have shown that autoimmune diseases are preceded by a long pre-clinical
phase, and that many autoantibodies can be detected in the serum of asymptomatic subjects …

Disease associated autoantibodies (AAB) are important biomarkers not only to confirm the
diagnosis of the respective systemic autoimmune disease but also to diagnose the disease …

The critical function of the immune system is to discriminate self from non-self. Tolerance
against self-antigens is a highly regulated process and, in order to maintain it, the immune …

Increased emphasis has been placed in recent years on predictive biomarkers to foretell the
onset or future course of disease. In autoimmune diseases, autoantibodies have proven to …

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the occurrence of antibodies reacting with self-
constituents of the body. The fully updated third edition of Autoantibodies is an in-depth …

Abstract At the 12th International Workshop on Autoantibodies and Autoimmunity (IWAA),
organized in August 2014 in Sao Paulo, Brazil, more than 300 autoimmunologists gathered …

Background Autoimmune diseases constitute a diverse group of disorders characterized by
cellular and humoral responses against self. The humoral autoimmune responses are …

The immune system is designed by nature to protect us from our environment.[1] But
activation of the immune response not only protects us from disease, as in infectious …