Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are subcellular messengers in gene regulatory and signal
transduction pathways. In pathological situations, ROS accumulate due to excessive …

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are formed when there is an abnormal increase in the level
of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or by the …

Significance: Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure but clinical
antioxidant trials have been unsuccessful. This may be because effects of reactive oxygen …

There is growing evidence that the altered production and/or spatiotemporal distribution of
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species creates oxidative and/or nitrosative stresses in the …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide with
increased oxidative stress and reduced NO bioavailability serving as key risk factors. For …

A plethora of vascular pathology is associated with inflammation, hypoxia and elevated rates
of reactive species generation. A critical source of these reactive species is the purine …

NO/redox imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and MPO activity 2.1. Oxidative/nitrosative
stress: the role of radicals 3. Redox mechanisms in blood vessels: sources of ROS 3.1 …

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and
operates as a mediator of important cell signaling pathways, such as the cGMP signaling …

Significance: Heart failure (HF) results from poor heart function and is the leading cause of
death in Western society. Abnormalities of Ca2+ handling at the level of the ventricular …

Although some of the redox changes that occur in biological components may result in
deleterious events, this process has recently been tackled as a modulatory event. Advances …